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=Judgments and Stereotypes on Society =

Carrie's Paper: The impact of the story from a first person point of view

Anatolie's Paper: Who is the intended reader for Push?

Jordan's Paper: Psychoanalysis of Push

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How do these topics relate?
= = Even though all three papers were written on different literary themes, there was a similarity that we all shared: judgment. Our judgments and perceptions effect what we think of other people in our community and those judgments/stereotypes can greatly effect other people. For example, people could judge Precious for having two children already and/or for being an obese African American and treat her poorly or not give her a job. On the flip side, Precious judged the people and society surrounding her. According to her, people in the streets (hobos), and Caucasians were considered "crack heads." She considered white females to be luckier than her, even if they were obese and ugly. In her mind, they were luckier just for being white.

Definitions
Judgment- The forming of an opinion, estimate, notion, or conclusion, as from circumstances presented to the mind.

Stereotypes- A generalization, usually exaggerated or oversimplified and often offensive, that is used to describe or distinguish a group. There are several different types of stereotyping.

We often form judgments about people based on stereotypes that have been developed in our society. = =

Gender Stereotype
Traditionally, the female stereotypical role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypical role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused; hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. These sorts of stereotypes can prove harmful because they can stifle individual expression and creativity, as well as hinder personal and professional growth.

In several experiments very bright and capable women were given Graduate Record Exam types of tests, particularly in mathematics. The women were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were reminded, prior to taking the test that men perform much better in mathematics than women. The two groups of women then took the exam and were given an empty page to write their thought processes prior to and after taking the exam. The results were fascinating. The experimental group that was told that men are much better mathematicians than women performed poorly compared to the control group of women who were not given this information. The stereotyped opinion about women and math is a myth with hundreds of years of background. The women in the experimental group found that their ability to concentrate and remember how to do the calculations was impaired by distracting thoughts and feelings of anxiety about their performance in math.

“Past studies have shown that people perform poorly in situations where they feel they are being stereotyped” says University of Toronto Scarborough’s Michael Inzlicht, who led the research.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Ethnic Stereotype
=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">media type="youtube" key="M_bUiWpcRdQ?fs=1" height="385" width="480" align="left" = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">An ethnic survey was conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago. They found that many Americans still do harbor beliefs about racial and ethnic minorities based on racist stereotypes. They were told to give their opinions on the following ethnicities: whites, Jews, African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino/as, and southern whites. The surveys was administered to a cross- section of about 1,200 Americans and were asked the following questions:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Do people in these groups tend to be unintelligent or tend to be intelligent?"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Do people in these groups tend to be hard-working or tend to be lazy?"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Do people in these groups tend to prefer to be self-supporting or do they tend to prefer to live off welfare?"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Do people in these groups tend to prefer to be self-supporting or do they tend to prefer to live off welfare?"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Do people in these groups tend to prefer to be self-supporting or do they tend to prefer to live off welfare?"

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Minority groups were evaluated more negatively than whites in general. African Americans and Latino/as were essentially tied at the bottom. Respondents evaluated African Americans as the laziest and as the group with the highest preference for living off welfare. More than half the survey respondents rated African Americans as less intelligent than whites. Fifty-seven percent of non-African Americans rated African Americans as less intelligent than whites and thirty percent of African Americans themselves rated African Americans as less intelligent than whites. Sixty-two percent of the entire sample rated African Americans as lazier than whites and more than three out of four survey respondents said that African Americans are more inclined than whites to prefer welfare over work.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">"Our differences are not weaknesses, they are strengths. Everyone has something to bring to the table and we need to start acknowledging the positive aspects of differences and not keep focusing on the negative. If we can just stop discounting each other maybe we can start learning from each other."[|-Kevin Flynn].

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Negative Impact of Stereotyping
media type="youtube" key="0msIx32I_YU?fs=1" height="515" width="584" align="left" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">One example of the negative effects of stereotyping would be laws and rules created where some people benefit and others do not based on negative stereotypes. For example, the Jim Crow laws of the south were consequences of negative stereotyping. Blacks were looked upon as inferior beings. Blacks were actively discriminated against and held out of certain places and activities. These Jim Crow laws were eventually abolished, but other laws replaced them, such as the Federal Housing Administration providing low interest loans only to white people to buy houses. Whites built houses and fled the cities in favor of the new suburbs while blacks were very literally trapped in urban areas. Their houses (if they did own their homes) were devalued or bought up at unreasonable prices for the construction of freeways. Homes were not provided to replace all the low income housing that was lost, and many blacks were forced into housing projects in urban areas where air and noise pollution were high. These people still today do not attend "equal" schools where they can obtain quality educations. In other words, these laws led to other laws and the perpetuation of discrimination based on unfair stereotypes.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Another very negative effect of stereotyping is that people internalize these stereotypes. For example, the stereotypes that women are supposed to be very thin can be very harmful to a woman's self-esteem. This can lead to self-destructive behaviors such as eating disorders, or to spend excess amounts of money on plastic surgery, makeup, or exercise equipment.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Stereotyping can also push the one being stereotyped into committing suicide. They may not be accepted by peers, may not be able to receive a job and may start to doubt themselves. This can lead to depression, anxiety, stress and many other emotional problems that can all lead to suicide.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Why Do We Stereotype?
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It is easier to create stereotypes when there is a clearly visible and consistent attribute that can easily be recognized. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">This is why people of color <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">, police and women are so easily stereotyped.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The weight of scientific evidence demonstrates that children learn gender stereotypes from adults. As with gender roles, socializing agents—parents, teachers, peers, religious leaders, and the media—pass along gender stereotypes from one generation to the next.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Certain people are more steriotypical than other people often because of how they were raised. Some children grow up hearing their parent or guardians opinions, so they start to believe thats the way they should think as well.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Psychologists say we categorize -- or stereotype -- by age and race and gender, because our brains are wired to do so automatically.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Many people like to put things they see in catagories, so things make sense in their minds. It's a way to feel more secure and safe in their community or surroundings.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">FACTS
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">--Teen mothers account for 11% of all births in the U.S. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">--Teens who become pregnant are less likely to attend college. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">--For young women age 15-19, black teens are most likely to become pregnant (134 per 1,000 women). Slightly lower rates occur among Hispanics (131 per 1,000), <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">followed by non-Hispanic whites (48 per 1,000). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">--34% of young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 -- about 820,000 a year. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Eight in ten of these teen pregnancies are unintended and 79% are to unmarried teens.

As you can see, no statistic includes the figure 100%. There is not a single fact that says 100% of certain group is good or bad at something, so why do we stereotype society as a whole? = =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Sources

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">http://www.helium.com/items/826368-understanding-why-people-stereotype <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">http://womensissues.about.com/od/datingandsex/tp/Teenpregancy.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">[]

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